A cross-sectional study of the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on domestic violence-related oral and maxillofacial injuries.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 lockdown, more domestic violence-related traumas were reported. In this study, we investigated and compared the incidence of domestic violence-related injuries-in particular oral and maxillofacial injuries-in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study based on 3974 domestic violence cases registered at the Public Health Department, National Traumatology and Orthopedics Research Center of Mongolia between 2018 and 2022. Descriptive and binary logistic regression analyses were conducted. The victims were categorized according to their age (child, adult, and elderly). RESULTS: The mean age of the victims was children 9.7 ± 5.4 years, adults 34.8 ± 8.3 years, and elderly 64.3 ± 8.7 years. Binary logistic regression analysis (no/yes) showed that oral and maxillofacial injuries during the lockdown increased 1.3 times (OR = 1.3; CI 95% = 1.0-1.6; p = .003) in adults and 2.5 times in children (OR = 2.5; CI 95% = 1.7-3.9; p = .001). Additionally, injuries to upper limbs increased 4.6 times (OR = 4.6; CI 95% = 3.5-6.1; p = .001) in adults and 5.2 times in elderly patients (OR = 5.2; CI 95% = 1.8-16.2; p = .01). Additionally, thorax injury in children increased 3.1 times (OR = 3.1; CI 95% = 1.7-5.7; p = .001). CONCLUSIONS: During the lockdown, injury to oral and maxillofacial regions increased in adult and child victims of domestic violence.

Maxillofacial trauma caused by e-scooters: a retrospective review prior to the extension of the UK scheme.

The nationwide extension of the electric scooter (e-scooter) scheme, which began in 2020, aimed to alleviate public transport congestion, to reduce pollution and peak-time road traffic. This retrospective study evaluates the range of e-scooter-related maxillofacial trauma before the recent scheme extension and compares the findings with existing literature on this topic. The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, United Kingdom (UK) operates as a Level 1 Regional Major Trauma Centre and serves a population of four million. All patient records between September 2021 to September 2022 were analysed to establish the types of e-scooter-related maxillofacial trauma sustained. A Pearson's chi-squared test was used to assess for significant associations between variables recorded. Falls accounted for the majority of injuries (44.3%), and soft tissue lacerations were the most common maxillofacial injury (38%). Statistically significant results were measured in the following variables: gender and intoxication status (p = 0.007), helmet status and injuries sustained in maxillofacial and non-maxillofacial regions (p = 0.043), mechanism of injury and injuries sustained in both the maxillofacial and non-maxillofacial regions (p = 0.045). E-scooters are an emerging concern within the UK. Further studies across the UK are required to assess the frequency of e-scooter-related injuries. Such data may prove useful in determining the government's decision on e-scooter use on UK roads.

The profile of patients with maxillofacial trauma due to interpersonal violence treated in a hospital emergency room.

AIM: This study evaluated records of patients with maxillofacial trauma due to interpersonal violence (IPV) being treated in the emergency room of a level I trauma center hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data of patients with maxillofacial trauma due to IPV recorded between January 2019 and December 2019 were retrospectively examined. Personal data, days on which they experienced IPV, and the type of maxillofacial trauma sustained were extracted and statistically analyzed (p < .050). RESULTS: During the analysis, 1034 patients with maxillofacial trauma were identified; of these patients, 292 (28.2%) who experienced trauma due to IPV were included in this study. There was a mean age of 32.6 years and the most common type of trauma was soft tissue injuries (38.7%). Mandible and nose fractures were more prevalent in males and females, respectively. Our data, when compared with other studies on maxillofacial trauma due to IPV, showed a lower prevalence and male-to-female ratio, and a higher presence of dentoalveolar trauma. Additionally, our data when compared with studies on maxillofacial trauma due to other causes showed lower mean age and male-to-female ratios, and a higher occurrence of nose fractures differing from the predominance of mandibular fractures. CONCLUSION: Oral and maxillofacial surgeons must be able to suspect and identify cases due to IPV among their patients with trauma. With our results, although each case has its individuality, we can suggest that cases of maxillofacial trauma in young, female, and nasal fracture patients may be suspicious for IPV.

A retrospective comparative study of maxillofacial injury patterns caused by electric scooters and bicycles.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The emergence of shared stand-up electric scooters has led to an increase in their usage and, subsequently, an increase in the incidence of maxillofacial trauma. This study aimed to investigate the trauma pattern associated with the use of stand-up electric scooters compared with that related to the use of bicycles, which was a popular mode of personal mobility before the emergence of stand-up electric scooters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study investigated the medical records of patients who visited Wonju Christian Hospital for maxillofacial trauma due to the use of stand-up electric scooter and bicycles between November 1, 2017 and October 31, 2022. Maxillofacial trauma was analyzed based on medical records, including those in the evaluation results of teeth, maxillofacial bones, and soft tissues. RESULTS: Crown fractures and tooth avulsions were observed more frequently with the use of stand-up electric scooters than with the use of bicycles. In contrast, crown-root fractures, tooth subluxation, and extrusive luxation were more commonly observed in bicycle riders. Additionally, the proportion of root fractures was similar between the two groups. However, no vertical root fractures were observed in patients who rode bicycles. The maxillofacial bone fracture rates between the two groups were similar, although the fracture patterns were different. CONCLUSION: The number of patients using stand-up electric scooters is increasing, and they are likely to have a worse prognosis compared with those using existing personal mobility devices.

Maxillofacial Injuries in an Eastern Nepal Tertiary Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Maxillofacial injury is a major health problem, and injury patterns vary in different societies. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the pattern of maxillofacial injuries presenting to BPKIHS. METHODS: Patients with age >15 years presenting with maxillofacial injuries from May, 2019 to April, 2020 were included in this cross-sectional descriptive study. Demographic profile, etiology, delay in presentation, pattern of soft tissue/ bony/ dental injuries, treatment modality were recorded and analyzed using Microsoft excel. RESULTS: Within one year study period 190 patients with age group >15 years presented with facial injuries. There were 164 male (86.32%) and 26 female (13.68 %) patients (M:F=6.3: 1) with mean age of 34.96 years. Road Traffic Accident (RTA) (61.58%) was the most common etiology. Majority of the patients reported to hospital within 2-6 hrs of injury. Other associated injuries was present in 36.32 % of patients with orthopedic injury (60.87%) being common. Soft tissue injuries were seen in 80.53% patients, of which 49.02% were associated with facial fractures. Mandible fractures were seen in 56.19% of hard tissue injuries, of which 40.68% had multiple fractures followed by 28.81% with parasymphysis fracture. Within 37.14% patients with midface fractures, zygoma fracture (33.33%) was the commonest. Intervention was done in 80.95 % patients, with ORIF (72.38 %) being the commonest. Dentoalveolar injuries was seen in 22.63 % patients, of which 48.19% were associated with facial fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations show that motor vehicle accidents were the most frequent cause of maxillofacial injury.

Incidence and features of maxillofacial fractures at Jordanian tertiary hospital before, during and after the COVID-19 period

Background: The purpose of this retrospective cohort study is to investigate the incidence and treatment of maxillofacial fractures before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods: This single-center study was conducted at King Abdullah University Hospital (KAUH). The required data was obtained from the electronic clinical records of all patients in whom maxillofacial fractures were confirmed by plain radiography and computed tomography (CT) between January 2019 and December 2021, allowing for a 12-month period before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: During the study period, 595 maxillofacial fractures in 311 patients (234 males and 77 females, mean age 27.28 years) were treated. The most frequent affected age was 21-30 years old in the before and after COvid- 19 period (92 patients, 29.58.%), while in during-COVID-19 period it was 11-20 years old (22 patients, 7.07%). There was similarity in male predominance, RTA cause, anatomical site was the mandible, the type anatomical complexity was single, treatment procedure was ORIF in all three periods. Conclusions: The incidence of maxillofacial fractures during the COVID-19 pandemic period was lower compared to the periods before and after the pandemic. Given that most fractures were caused by RTAs, these findings are expected, as movement was restricted during lockdown. (AU)

Comparison of characteristics of kick- and electric-scooter-related dental and maxillofacial injuries: A retrospective study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Owing to the nearly three-year-long COVID-19 pandemic, small personal transportation devices that allow for greater freedom of movement within the cities have gained attention. Therefore, the number of people using kick or electric scooters has increased. This study aimed to compare the characteristics of kick and electric scooter-related dental and maxillofacial trauma and provide helpful information for preventing scooter accidents, appropriate treatment of patients with scooter-related trauma, and policy establishment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective observational study analysed the medical records of 310 patients who visited the emergency room of Ajou University Dental Hospital for kick and electric scooter-related oral and maxillofacial injuries between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2022. Sex, age, scooter type, time, and mechanism of the accident, helmet use, alcohol consumption, dental and maxillofacial injury types, and treatment were analysed. RESULTS: The average age in the kick-scooter group (5.71 ± 4.25) was lower than that in the electric-scooter group (28.24 ± 10.02) (p < .0001). There were more males in both groups. The helmet usage rates of the two groups were 2.80% and 7.88%, respectively. In the kick-scooter group, periodontal damage was more common than pulp injury, while in the electric-scooter group, pulp injury was more common than periodontal injury. There was no significant difference in soft-tissue damage between the two groups; however, bone fractures occurred significantly more frequently in the electric-scooter group (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Electric scooters cause more crown and bone fractures than kick scooters and require more active treatment of dental and maxillofacial injuries. Riders should use protective equipment to prevent dental and maxillofacial injury. Although there are regulations related to scooters, the effectiveness of both kick- and electric-scooter related laws needs to be evaluated.

Pattern and management of maxillofacial fractures in Jordanian children and adolescents

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics, etiology and treatment of maxillofacial fractures among children and adolescents in northern part of Jordan. Material and methods: A retrospective cohort study which included 91 children and adolescents patients who were treated for maxillofacial fractures during a period of three years between January 2019 and December 2021 at a tertiary hospital in Jordan. Results: Over a period of three years, a total of 91 children between the age of 0 and 19 years were treated with 156 total maxillofacial fractures. Of these, 68 (74.73%) were males and 23 (25.27%) were females. One tenth of patients (10 (10.99%) were children of the preschool group and 55 patients (60.44%) were adolescents. Road traffic accident (RTA) was the most common cause of maxillofacial fractures, accounting for 57 (62.64%) of cases. Mandibular fractures were the most common and accounted for 82 (90.2%) of all fractures, followed by the zygomatic bone fractures 40 (44%). The most common treatment was intermaxillary fixation (IMF) with 53 (33.97%) fractures. Conclusions: Maxillofacial fractures are predominant among adolescents in comparison to children. RTA was the most common cause of maxillofacial fractures, mandibular fractures were the most common fractures, and intermaxillary fixation (IMF) was the most common treatment modality. (AU)

A meta-analysis to evaluate the prevalence of maxillofacial trauma caused by various etiologies among children and adolescents.

AIMS: Children and adolescents who are affected by trauma may have complications that are more serious and dangerous. Herein, a meta-analysis to evaluate the prevalence of maxillofacial trauma caused by various etiologies according to the geographic regions of the world among children and adolescents was conducted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive search was performed in four databases of PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus from January 1, 2006 until July 7, 2021. To evaluate the quality of included articles, an adapted version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used. The prevalence of maxillofacial trauma was estimated by event rates and 95% confidence intervals in relation to etiology and geographic region of study population. RESULTS: Through search in the databases and the electronic sources, 3071 records were identified, and 58 studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. A total of 264,433 maxillofacial trauma cases were reported by all included studies. Globally, the overall prevalence of maxillofacial trauma was highest due to Road Traffic Crashes (RTC) (33.8%) followed by falls (20.7%), violence (9.9%), and sports (8.1%) in children/adolescents. The highest prevalence of maxillofacial trauma were observed in African population (48.3%) while trauma due to falls was most prevalent in Asian population (44.1%). Maxillofacial trauma due to violence (27.6%) and sports (13.3%) were highest in North Americans. CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrate that RTC was the most prevalent etiology of maxillofacial trauma in the world. The prevalent causes of maxillofacial trauma differed between the regions of study population.

Oral and Maxillofacial Injuries Associated With E-Cigarette Explosions: A Systematic Review and Management Guidelines Proposal.

PURPOSE: E-cigarettes have become increasingly popular devices used to consume nicotine in recent years. There is a growing body of evidence regarding the risk of spontaneous explosion of these devices causing burn and projectile injuries. The primary purpose of this review was to summarize all injuries to the oral and maxillofacial region secondary to explosion of e-cigarettes. The secondary purpose was to propose an initial management algorithm for such injuries based on the findings in the literature. This review also aims to test the hypothesis that e-cigarette explosive injuries to the oral region were associated with an increased risk of intubation and surgery and examine whether any other injury pattern was associated with an increased risk of intubation or surgery. METHODS: A cohort study based on identifying cases in the literature was conducted to summarize injuries to the oral and maxillofacial region and examine the associations between injury types and location and management. A literature search of the major biomedical databases was conducted in September 2022 using terms such as e-cigarette, explosion, blast, trauma, and burn, among others, which yielded 922 studies. Nonclinical studies, review articles, and studies without injuries to the facial region were excluded. Study subjects were recorded for demographics, device characteristics, injury mechanism, injury location, management, and complications. Chi-squared analysis was used to determine if the predictor variables of type of injury (burn or projectile) and its associated location (ocular, facial, or intraoral for burns and facial thirds for projectile) were associated with the outcomes of intubation and surgical management. The collected data were then used as a guide to propose an initial management algorithm for these injuries. RESULTS: Twenty eight studies, including 20 case reports and 8 case series met the inclusion criteria. A total of 32 explosions of e-cigarettes to 32 patients caused 105 recorded injuries to the facial region. Projectile injuries made up 73.3% (n = 77) of all facial injuries, while burn injuries made up of 26.7% (n = 28). There were 14 (43.8%) patients who suffered both projectile and burn injuries. Burn injuries mostly involved the face (64.3%, n = 18), oral cavity (25%, n = 7), and eye (10.7%, n = 7). The majority (81.8%, n = 63) of projectile injuries occurred in the lower facial third. There were 20 (62.5%) patients who suffered a bone or tooth fracture. Management of injuries involved surgery in 62.5% (n = 20) of patients, which included open reduction and internal fixation of fractures, dental extraction, bone and skin grafts, and ocular surgery. A complication rate of 44.4% (n = 8) was observed across studies that reported on follow-up. There was no statistically significant association between explosive injury to the oral region and intubation or surgical management. There was also no other statistically significant association between any other injury type and location with intubation or surgical management. CONCLUSIONS: E-cigarettes are at risk for spontaneous combustion that can cause serious oral and maxillofacial injuries, particularly to the lower facial third and commonly requiring surgical management. Safety of these devices should be improved through increased user education and regulation.

Incidence and features of maxillofacial fractures at Jordanian tertiary hospital before, during and after the COVID-19 period.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this retrospective cohort study is to investigate the incidence and treatment of maxillofacial fractures before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This single-center study was conducted at King Abdullah University Hospital (KAUH). The required data was obtained from the electronic clinical records of all patients in whom maxillofacial fractures were confirmed by plain radiography and computed tomography (CT) between January 2019 and December 2021, allowing for a 12-month period before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: During the study period, 595 maxillofacial fractures in 311 patients (234 males and 77 females, mean age 27.28 years) were treated. The most frequent affected age was 21-30 years old in the before and after COvid- 19 period (92 patients, 29.58.%), while in during-COVID-19 period it was 11-20 years old (22 patients, 7.07%). There was similarity in male predominance, RTA cause, anatomical site was the mandible, the type anatomical complexity was single, treatment procedure was ORIF in all three periods. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of maxillofacial fractures during the COVID-19 pandemic period was lower compared to the periods before and after the pandemic. Given that most fractures were caused by RTAs, these findings are expected, as movement was restricted during lockdown.

The changing face of maxillofacial trauma during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdowns in Melbourne, Australia.

PURPOSE: To compare the incidence, aetiology, and patterns of maxillofacial fracture presentations during the various stages of the 2020 Melbourne COVID-19 lockdown restrictions to periods outside lockdown in 2019 and 2020. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 344 subjects. The patterns of facial trauma presentations to a tertiary hospital in metropolitan Melbourne during the 2020 COVID-19 restrictions were compared to periods with no restrictions over 22 months from March 2019 to December 2020. RESULTS: The incidence of maxillofacial fractures decreased by 28% during lockdown (0.41 vs. 0.57 injuries/day, P = 0.0003). Falls overtook interpersonal violence as the leading cause of fractures (44% of lockdown presentations vs. 25.7% of presentations outside lockdown, P = 0.002), while sporting injuries dropped drastically (4% vs. 17.1%, P = 0.005). Lockdowns saw an increase in the proportion of female patients (40% vs. 26.8%, P = 0.03) and a fivefold increase in proportion of domestic violence-related fractures (6.7% vs. 1.1%, P = 0.006). Alcohol-related injuries decreased significantly (11% vs. 21%, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: While restrictions reduced rates of interpersonal violence and alcohol-related maxillofacial trauma, there was a higher proportion of injuries to females, increased falls, and domestic violence-related injuries.

Patterns and characteristics of maxillofacial fractures in women.

PURPOSE: Facial trauma in women is complex with physical, psychosocial, and cultural influences impacting clinical presentations. Although multifactorial, assaults and falls are principally reported as the main causes. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted from January 2012 to January 2017 at the Women and Children's Hospital and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide. All maxillofacial fractures in women that attended or were referred to the unit were included in this study. The primary objective was to analyse epidemiological trends of facial fractures and clinical outcomes in the South Australian female population. RESULTS: There is a bimodal distribution of facial fractures at 25-35 years and 65 + years. Indigenous females were 19.5 years younger than non-indigenous females (30.5 vs 49.9, P < 0.001). Approximately half the cohort had a fall-related facial fracture, followed by assault (26.2%), and sports (10.3%). There was a higher proportion of non-alcohol-related trauma from assaults than alcohol-related assaults (72.5% vs 27.5%, P < 0.001). Over half (58.0%) of the cohort had a midface fracture. The elderly had increased odds of 1.9 fold for facial fractures in winter, largely from falls, compared to younger women. Associated injuries were present in almost half the elderly women with 2.6 times the risk compared to younger women. Younger women had higher incidences of surgical intervention (52.6% vs 14.3%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Young women disproportionately experience larger incidences of non-alcohol-related assaults requiring operative intervention of the mandible, whereas elderly women principally suffer fall-related facial fractures with higher rates of associated injuries.

Analysis of Pediatric Maxillofacial Fractures: A 10-year Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to analyze patterns of maxillofacial fractures in children and adolescent in southeast of China,in a period of 10 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, the medical records of 162 hospitalized patients under 18 years old were analyzed in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatology Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China. Age, gender, etiology, site, and type of fracture, monthly distribution, weekly distribution, dental complications, and treatment were evaluated. The cases were divided into 3 age groups: group A: 0 to 6 years, group B: 7 to 12 years, and group C: 13 to 18 years. RESULTS: Three hundred thirty-four maxillofacial fractures in 162 patients younger than 18 years were analyzed. The male to female ratio was 2.24:1 and mean age of these patients was 9.85 years old . Falls were the leading cause of maxillofacial fractures.The most frequent fracture site was mandible. Most patients with maxillofacial fractures were treated by open reduction. And it was done more in adolescents than in children. CONCLUSIONS: Falls were the main reason for maxillofacial fracutres in childern, and traffic accidents was the leading cause in adolescent. Preventive measures should be applied to reduce occurrences of pediatric facial fractures .Children can not be left at home alone, and monitoring is very necessary when children play in the high place. The government can consider related e-bike driving skills training. Teenagers must pass the relevant electric vehicle test before they can drive. Make the law that the driver of e-bike must wear a safety helmet. Our study shows that open reduction was a good choice for pediatric facial fractures, but usually conservative treatment is a better choice for condylar fractures.

Pattern and management of maxillofacial fractures in Jordanian children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics, etiology and treatment of maxillofacial fractures among children and adolescents in northern part of Jordan. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study which included 91 children and adolescents patients who were treated for maxillofacial fractures during a period of three years between January 2019 and December 2021 at a tertiary hospital in Jordan. RESULTS: Over a period of three years, a total of 91 children between the age of 0 and 19 years were treated with 156 total maxillofacial fractures. Of these, 68 (74.73%) were males and 23 (25.27%) were females. One tenth of patients (10 (10.99%) were children of the preschool group and 55 patients (60.44%) were adolescents. Road traffic accident (RTA) was the most common cause of maxillofacial fractures, accounting for 57 (62.64%) of cases. Mandibular fractures were the most common and accounted for 82 (90.2%) of all fractures, followed by the zygomatic bone fractures 40 (44%). The most common treatment was intermaxillary fixation (IMF) with 53 (33.97%) fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Maxillofacial fractures are predominant among adolescents in comparison to children. RTA was the most common cause of maxillofacial fractures, mandibular fractures were the most common fractures, and intermaxillary fixation (IMF) was the most common treatment modality.

Which sports have a higher risk of maxillofacial injuries?

OBJECTIVES: Sports etiology is one of the most common causes of maxillofacial injuries. This work aimed to provide an up-to-date review of sports-related maxillofacial injuries. METHODS: An updated review was conducted on Pubmed and Google Scholar. No publication year and language restrictions were applied. Two different search strategies were performed, the first addressed which sports, generally associated with maxillofacial injuries, and the second search was conducted to determine the frequency of maxillofacial injuries associated with each sport individually. RESULTS: The first search returned 26 articles distributed across different sports, from different countries, and with varied age distribution. The second search displayed 85 articles on individual sports group. Papers were rated and categorized according by the sport associated to the reported injury. A useful sports risk scale for maxillofacial injuries has been developed. Peculiar themes from all participating sports were evaluated. The use of protective equipment and other preventive measures were highlighted. CONCLUSIONS: Some sports with ball and cycling can be considered riskier sports for maxillofacial injuries. Athlete education and the mandatory use of mouthguards, helmets, and eye protection, among other things, are crucial to prevent these injuries. Tailor-made mouthguards and protective masks, which are becoming cheaper, are in vogue. The Sports-related Maxillofacial Injuries Risk scale can be useful for athletes, athletic coaches, and maxillofacial surgeons.

Oral and maxillofacial trauma in women assaulted by men: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Violence against women represents an urgent public health problem and has been an increasingly important topic in society's discussions and concerns. Although studies report a high prevalence of injuries to the face and head of women victims of intentional violence, this physical damage has never been investigated by grouped studies. Thus, the objective of this systematic review was to research the characteristics and the overall prevalence of oral-maxillofacial trauma in women victims of physical violence caused by men. METHODS: Searches were carried out on Medline (via PubMed) and Lilacs (via Virtual Health Library) and on gray literature until June 16, 2020 (updated on February 12, 2021) without restriction on the year of publication or language. RESULTS: A total of 27 studies involving 9,318 women victims of aggression by men and 3,738 oral-maxillofacial traumas were included. The prevalence of oral-maxillofacial trauma among all injuries in women was 51% (95% CI 28% - 74%). There was no significant difference in the chance of occurrence between soft tissue injuries (bruises, lacerations, abrasions, edema, erythema, and epistaxis) and hard tissue injuries (OR: 1.44, 95% CI: 0.43 - 4.80). The relationship between the victims and the aggressors was mainly that of intimate partners and relatives. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the need for political and ethical reflection to prevent oral-maxillofacial trauma and ensure women's health and human rights.

Psychiatric symptoms and pain in maxillofacial injury following motor vehicle accidents: A comparative study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Post-traumatic stress disorders, depression, and pain are rarely discussed in the literature on maxillofacial injuries, and psychiatric symptoms and pain are not identified and managed in such patients. The aim of this study was to determine the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorders, depression, and pain in people with maxillofacial injuries following motor vehicle accidents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, people injured in motor vehicle accidents from March to September 2015 who were referred to a medical educational center in the northern part of Iran for treatment follow-up were sampled. The existing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder by PSS, depression by BDI-II, and pain by NRS were assessed. SPSS software version 21 was used for analysis. RESULTS: Maxillofacial injured patients had significant differences in terms of post-traumatic stress disorder (p = .006), depression (p = .001), pain (p = .001), and length of hospital stay (p = .002) than patients without maxillofacial injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Motor vehicle accident victims with maxillofacial injuries suffered significantly more from post-traumatic stress disorders and depression, pain and length of hospital stay than patients with other injuries.

Epidemiology of maxillofacial injuries during monsoon and non-monsoon season in India: a data-based retrospective study from a tertiary care dental teaching hospital.

Background: Maxillofacial Injury (MFI) is a major public health concern that is multifactorial in etiology-road traffic accidents (RTAs), falls and violence. RTAs are the major cause of maxillofacial injuries (MFIs) in countries like India. Recent studies have shown that maxillofacial fractures (MFF) constitute a significant proportion of facial injuries seen in hospitals (56.5%). The incidence of maxillofacial fractures can vary depending on several factors, including age, gender, and environmental factors. Of particular concern is the impact of seasonal variations, such as the monsoon season, which lead to high incidence of maxillofacial fractures due to hazardous conditions. Methods: A retrospective review of medical records was done in a tertiary-care dental teaching hospital was done. Results: Data of 200 subjects including 154 males (77%) and 46 females (23%) with a mean age of 35.38 ± 16.541 years; age range: 1 - 80 years was analyzed. A total of 200 MFI's were recorded between 2021 and 2022. Soft tissue injuries were reported in 37.5% of the cases in non-monsoon season and 42.3% of the cases during the monsoon season. Dentoalveolar fractures were reported in 6.2% of the cases during the non-monsoon seasons and 7.7% during the monsoon season. In this study, mandible was the most fractured bone (n=104,52%) followed by zygomatic complex (n=50, 25%). The frequently observed pattern among mandibular fracture was condyle 8.3% during the non-monsoon season and 2.9% during the monsoon season). Conclusions: The results of the study indicate that mandibular fractures are most commonly seen in maxillofacial fractures, followed by fractures of the zygomatic complex. The study also reveals a higher incidence of soft tissue injuries and dentoalveolar fractures during the monsoon season. Further research is warranted to explore the factors that contribute to the seasonal variation in maxillofacial fractures for effective interventions to reduce their occurrence.